Aquamin™ es un multimineral natural de origen marino, que se obtiene del citoesqueleto del alga roja Lithothamnion spp, del cual se obtiene mayoritariamente calcio.
Procollagen Plus contiene 2500 mg de Aquamin™, de los cuales 800 mg son de calcio.
El Lithothamnium calcareum pertenece al grupo de algas rojas marinas de la familia Coralineacea que se desarrollan a grandes profundidades en presencia de luz. Durante su etapa de crecimiento el alga absorbe por osmosis nutrientes y minerales del mar. A lo largo de la vida de las algas, los minerales del agua de mar se acumulan y se almacenan como sales de carbonato en la pared celular de las plantas. Las algas contienen entre 10 y 15 veces más oligoelementos que las plantas terrestres. Del esqueleto calcáreo se obtiene la materia prima, el calcio. El calcio se encuentra en formato carbonato cálcico.
Aquamin™ se recolecta de forma sostenible en las aguas cristalinas de la costa norte de Islandia. El calcio y el magnesio representan un tercio y más del 2%, respectivamente, de los más de 70 minerales componentes de la masa seca total de Aquamin™.
Aquamin™ tiene una estructura tridimensional intrincada y única moldeada por la pared celular de Lithothamnion sp.
Se ha demostrado que Aquamin™ tiene una biodisponibilidad superior que otras fuentes de calcio comúnmente disponibles y tiene efectos beneficiosos sobre los huesos, la inflamación, específicamente las condiciones osteoartríticas, la salud digestiva y la salud cardiovascular.
Una de las características de este calcio es su alta biodisponibilidad, ya que a pH altos es soluble.
El calcio (Ca) es el mineral que más abunda en el cuerpo humano. Más del 99% del calcio presente en el cuerpo humano se almacena en los huesos y los dientes; el 1% restante se encuentra en la sangre, los músculos y los fluidos entre las células.
Entre las fuentes, el calcio se encuentra mayoritariamente en productos lácteos. Otras fuentes en las que abunda el calcio son las almendras, la levadura de la cerveza, el brócoli, la col, los higos secos, el kelp, las verduras de hoja oscura, las avellanas, las ostras, las sardinas y el salmón enlatado.
Entre las funciones el calcio contribuye:
- al mantenimiento de los huesos en condiciones normales.
- al mantenimiento de los dientes en condiciones normales.
- a la coagulación sanguínea normal.
- al metabolismo energético normal.
- al funcionamiento normal de los músculos.
- al funcionamiento normal de la neurotransmisión.
- al funcionamiento normal de las enzimas digestivas.
- al proceso de división celular y diferenciación de las células.
Frestedt JL, Walsh M, Kuskowski MA, Zenk JL. A natural mineral supplement provides relief from knee osteoarthritis symptoms: a randomized controlled pilot trial. Nutr J. 2008 Feb 17;7:9. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-7-9. PMID: 18279523; PMCID: PMC2265739. A natural mineral supplement provides relief from knee osteoarthritis symptoms: a randomized controlled pilot trial – PubMed (nih.gov)
Frestedt JL, Kuskowski MA, Zenk JL. A natural seaweed derived mineral supplement (Aquamin F) for knee osteoarthritis: a randomised, placebo controlled pilot study. Nutr J. 2009 Feb 2;8:7. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-8-7. PMID: 19187557; PMCID: PMC2642861. A natural seaweed derived mineral supplement (Aquamin F) for knee osteoarthritis: a randomised, placebo controlled pilot study – PubMed (nih.gov)
Murphy CT, Martin C, Doolan AM et al., 2014, The marine-derived, multi-mineral formula AquaPT reduces TNF-a levels in osteoarthritis patients. J Nutr Health & Food Sci. 2014 2(3):1-3. (PDF) The Marine‐derived, Multi‐mineral formula, AquaPT Reduces TNF- Levels in Osteoarthritis Patients (researchgate.net)
Ryan S, O’Gorman DM, Nolan YM. Evidence that the marine-derived multi-mineral Aquamin has anti-inflammatory effects on cortical glial-enriched cultures. Phytother Res. 2011 May;25(5):765-7. doi: 10.1002/ptr.3309. Epub 2010 Oct 26. PMID: 21520469.Evidence that the marine-derived multi-mineral Aquamin has anti-inflammatory effects on cortical glial-enriched cultures – PubMed (nih.gov)
O’Gorman DM, O’Carroll C, Carmody RJ. Evidence that marine-derived, multi-mineral, Aquamin inhibits the NF-κB signaling pathway in vitro. Phytother Res. 2012 Apr;26(4):630-2. doi: 10.1002/ptr.3601. Epub 2011 Oct 28. PMID: 22034197. Evidence that marine-derived, multi-mineral, Aquamin inhibits the NF-κB signaling pathway in vitro – PubMed (nih.gov)
O’Gorman DM, Tierney CM, Brennan O, O’Brien FJ. The marine-derived, multi-mineral formula, Aquamin, enhances mineralisation of osteoblast cells in vitro. Phytother Res. 2012 Mar;26(3):375-80. doi: 10.1002/ptr.3561. Epub 2011 Jul 12. PMID: 21751268. The marine-derived, multi-mineral formula, Aquamin, enhances mineralisation of osteoblast cells in vitro – PubMed (nih.gov)
Widaa A, Brennan O, O’Gorman DM, O’Brien FJ. The osteogenic potential of the marine-derived multi-mineral formula aquamin is enhanced by the presence of vitamin D. Phytother Res. 2014 May;28(5):678-84. doi: 10.1002/ptr.5038. Epub 2013 Jul 19. PMID: 23873476. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23873476/ The osteogenic potential of the marine-derived multi-mineral formula aquamin is enhanced by the presence of vitamin D – PubMed (nih.gov)
Brennan O, Stenson B, Widaa A, O Gorman DM, O Brien FJ. Incorporation of the natural marine multi-mineral dietary supplement Aquamin enhances osteogenesis and improves the mechanical properties of a collagen-based bone graft substitute. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2015 Jul;47:114-123. doi: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.03.015. Epub 2015 Apr 1. PMID: 25884141. Incorporation of the natural marine multi-mineral dietary supplement Aquamin enhances osteogenesis and improves the mechanical properties of a collagen-based bone graft substitute – PubMed (nih.gov)
Zenk JL, Frestedt JL, Kuskowski MA. Effect of Calcium Derived from Lithothamnion sp. on Markers of Calcium Metabolism in Premenopausal Women. J Med Food. 2018 Feb;21(2):154-158. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2017.0023. Epub 2017 Oct 12. PMID: 29023178. Effect of Calcium Derived from Lithothamnion sp. on Markers of Calcium Metabolism in Premenopausal Women – PubMed (nih.gov)
Slevin MM, Allsopp PJ, Magee PJ, Bonham MP, Naughton VR, Strain JJ, Duffy ME, Wallace JM, Mc Sorley EM. Supplementation with calcium and short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides affects markers of bone turnover but not bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. J Nutr. 2014 Mar;144(3):297-304. doi: 10.3945/jn.113.188144. Epub 2014 Jan 22. Erratum in: J Nutr. 2014 Jul;144(7):1125. PMID: 24453130. Supplementation with calcium and short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides affects markers of bone turnover but not bone mineral density in postmenopausal women – PubMed (nih.gov)
Barry DW, Hansen KC, van Pelt RE, Witten M, Wolfe P, Kohrt WM. Acute calcium ingestion attenuates exercise-induced disruption of calcium homeostasis. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011 Apr;43(4):617-23. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181f79fa8. PMID: 20798655; PMCID: PMC3145631. Acute Calcium Ingestion Attenuates Exercise-induced Disruption of Calcium Homeostasis – PMC (nih.gov)
Shea KL, Barry DW, Sherk VD, Hansen KC, Wolfe P, Kohrt WM. Calcium supplementation and parathyroid hormone response to vigorous walking in postmenopausal women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014 Oct;46(10):2007-13. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000320. PMID: 24576866; PMCID: PMC4145055. Calcium supplementation and parathyroid hormone response to vigorous walking in postmenopausal women – PubMed (nih.gov)
Aslam MN, Jepsen KJ, Khoury B, Graf KH, Varani J. Bone structure and function in male C57BL/6 mice: Effects of a high-fat Western-style diet with or without trace minerals. Bone Rep. 2016 Dec;5:141-149. doi: 10.1016/j.bonr.2016.05.002. PMID: 27350956; PMCID: PMC4920365. Bone structure and function in male C57BL/6 mice: Effects of a high-fat Western-style diet with or without trace minerals – PubMed (nih.gov)
Aslam MN, Bergin I, Jepsen K, Kreider JM, Graf KH, Naik M, Goldstein SA, Varani J. Preservation of bone structure and function by Lithothamnion sp. derived minerals. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2013 Dec;156(1-3):210-20. doi: 10.1007/s12011-013-9820-7. Epub 2013 Oct 6. PMID: 24096551; PMCID: PMC3905747. Preservation of bone structure and function by Lithothamnion sp. derived minerals – PubMed (nih.gov)
Aslam. A mineral-rich extract, Aquamin, from the red marine algae, Lithothamnion calcareum, preserves bone structure and function in female mice on a high fat diet. et al. (2010) Calcif Tissue Intl. 86(4) : 313-24
Heffernan SM, Horner K, De Vito G, Conway GE. The Role of Mineral and Trace Element Supplementation in Exercise and Athletic Performance: A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2019 Mar 24;11(3):696. doi: 10.3390/nu11030696. PMID: 30909645; PMCID: PMC6471179. The Role of Mineral and Trace Element Supplementation in Exercise and Athletic Performance: A Systematic Review – PubMed (nih.gov)
Aslam, Muhammad & Varani, James. (2016). The Western-Style Diet, Calcium Deficiency and Chronic Disease. Journal of Nutrition & Food Sciences. 6. 10.4172/2155-9600.1000496. (PDF) The Western-Style Diet, Calcium Deficiency and Chronic Disease (researchgate.net)
Felice VD, O’Gorman DM, O’Brien NM, Hyland NP. Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability of a Marine-Derived Multimineral, Aquamin-Magnesium. Nutrients. 2018 Jul 17;10(7):912. doi: 10.3390/nu10070912. PMID: 30018220; PMCID: PMC6073474. Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability of a Marine-Derived Multimineral, Aquamin-Magnesium – PMC (nih.gov)
Brennan, Orlaith & Sweeney, Joseph & O’Meara, Brian & Widaa, Amro & Bonnier, Franck & Byrne, Hugh & O’Gorman, Denise & O’Brien, Fergal. (2017). A Natural, Calcium-Rich Marine Multi-mineral Complex Preserves Bone Structure, Composition and Strength in an Ovariectomised Rat Model of Osteoporosis. Calcified tissue international. 101. 10.1007/s00223-017-0299-7. (PDF) A Natural, Calcium-Rich Marine Multi-mineral Complex Preserves Bone Structure, Composition and Strength in an Ovariectomised Rat Model of Osteoporosis (researchgate.net)
Bae YJ, Bu SY, Kim JY, Yeon JY, Sohn EW, Jang KH, Lee JC, Kim MH. Magnesium supplementation through seaweed calcium extract rather than synthetic magnesium oxide improves femur bone mineral density and strength in ovariectomized rats. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2011 Dec;144(1-3):992-1002. doi: 10.1007/s12011-011-9073-2. Epub 2011 May 17. PMID: 21584658 Magnesium supplementation through seaweed calcium extract rather than synthetic magnesium oxide improves femur bone mineral density and strength in ovariectomized rats – PubMed (nih.gov)
Nielsen, Brian & Cate, Ryan & O’Connor-Robison, Cara. (2010). A Marine Mineral Supplement Alters Markers Of Bone Metabolism in Yearling Arabians. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science – J EQUINE VET SCI. 30. 419-424. 10.1016/j.jevs.2010.07.003. A Marine Mineral Supplement Alters Markers Of Bone Metabolism in Yearling Arabians | Request PDF (researchgate.net)
Heffernan SM, McCarthy C, Eustace S, FitzPatrick RE, Delahunt E, De Vito G. Mineral rich algae with pine bark improved pain, physical function and analgesic use in mild-knee joint osteoarthritis, compared to Glucosamine: A randomized controlled pilot trial. Complement Ther Med. 2020 May;50:102349. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102349. Epub 2020 Feb 19. PMID: 32444040. Mineral rich algae with pine bark improved pain, physical function and analgesic use in mild-knee joint osteoarthritis, compared to Glucosamine: A randomized controlled pilot trial – PubMed (nih.gov)
Cronin BE, Allsopp PJ, Slevin MM, et al. Effects of supplementation with a calcium-rich marine-derived multi-mineral supplement and short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides on serum lipids in postmenopausal women. British Journal of Nutrition. 2016;115(4):658-665. doi:10.1017/S0007114515004948 Effects of supplementation with a calcium-rich marine-derived multi-mineral supplement and short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides on serum lipids in postmenopausal women | British Journal of Nutrition | Cambridge Core
Hampton AL, Aslam MN, Naik MK, Bergin IL, Allen RM, Craig RA, Kunkel SL, Veerapaneni I, Paruchuri T, Patterson KA, Rothman ED, Hish GA, Varani J, Rush HG. Ulcerative Dermatitis in C57BL/6NCrl Mice on a Low-Fat or High-Fat Diet With or Without a Mineralized Red-Algae Supplement. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2015 Sep;54(5):487-96. PMID: 26424246; PMCID: PMC4587616. Ulcerative Dermatitis in C57BL/6NCrl Mice on a Low-Fat or High-Fat Diet With or Without a Mineralized Red-Algae Supplement – PubMed (nih.gov)
O’Callaghan YC, Drummond E, O’Gorman DM, O’Brien NM. Antioxidant and pro-apoptotic effects of marine-derived, multi-mineral aquamin supplemented with a pine bark extract, Enzogenol, and a green tea extract, Sunphenon. J Med Food. 2013 Oct;16(10):920-6. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2012.0258. Epub 2013 Sep 28. PMID: 24074358. Antioxidant and pro-apoptotic effects of marine-derived, multi-mineral aquamin supplemented with a pine bark extract, Enzogenol, and a green tea extract, Sunphenon – PubMed (nih.gov)
Aslam MN, Bhagavathula N, Paruchuri T, Hu X, Chakrabarty S, Varani J. Growth-inhibitory effects of a mineralized extract from the red marine algae, Lithothamnion calcareum, on Ca(2+)-sensitive and Ca(2+)-resistant human colon carcinoma cells. Cancer Lett. 2009 Oct 8;283(2):186-92. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.03.037. Epub 2009 Apr 24. PMID: 19394137; PMCID: PMC2770718. Growth-inhibitory effects of a mineralized extract from the red marine algae, Lithothamnion calcareum, on Ca(2+)-sensitive and Ca(2+)-resistant human colon carcinoma cells – PubMed (nih.gov)
Aslam MN, Paruchuri T, Bhagavathula N, Varani J. A mineral-rich red algae extract inhibits polyp formation and inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract of mice on a high-fat diet. Integr Cancer Ther. 2010 Mar;9(1):93-9. doi: 10.1177/1534735409360360. Epub 2010 Feb 11. PMID: 20150219; PMCID: PMC2861409 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20150219/
Aslam MN, Bergin I, Naik M, Hampton A, Allen R, Kunkel SL, Rush H, Varani J. A multi-mineral natural product inhibits liver tumor formation in C57BL/6 mice. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2012 Jun;147(1-3):267-74. doi: 10.1007/s12011-011-9316-2. Epub 2012 Jan 6. PMID: 22222483; PMCID: PMC3360994. A multi-mineral natural product inhibits liver tumor formation in C57BL/6 mice – PubMed (nih.gov)
Aslam MN, Bergin I, Naik M, Paruchuri T, Hampton A, Rehman M, Dame MK, Rush H, Varani J. A multimineral natural product from red marine algae reduces colon polyp formation in C57BL/6 mice. Nutr Cancer. 2012;64(7):1020-8. doi: 10.1080/01635581.2012.713160. Epub 2012 Oct 4. PMID: 23035966; PMCID: PMC3660990. A multi-mineral natural product from red marine algae reduces colon polyp formation in C57BL/6 mice – PMC (nih.gov)
Aviello G, Amu S, Saunders SP, Fallon PG. A mineral extract from red algae ameliorates chronic spontaneous colitis in IL-10 deficient mice in a mouse strain dependent manner. Phytother Res. 2014 Feb;28(2):300-4. doi: 10.1002/ptr.4989. Epub 2013 Apr 4. PMID: 23554071. A mineral extract from red algae ameliorates chronic spontaneous colitis in IL-10 deficient mice in a mouse strain dependent manner – PubMed (nih.gov)
Crowley EK, Long-Smith CM, Murphy A, Patterson E, Murphy K, O’Gorman DM, Stanton C, Nolan YM. Dietary Supplementation with a Magnesium-Rich Marine Mineral Blend Enhances the Diversity of Gastrointestinal Microbiota. Mar Drugs. 2018 Jun 20;16(6):216. doi: 10.3390/md16060216. PMID: 29925774; PMCID: PMC6024889. Dietary Supplementation with a Magnesium-Rich Marine Mineral Blend Enhances the Diversity of Gastrointestinal Microbiota – PMC (nih.gov)
Aslam MN, Bassis CM, Bergin IL, Knuver K, Zick SM, Sen A, Turgeon DK, Varani J. A Calcium-Rich Multimineral Intervention to Modulate Colonic Microbial Communities and Metabolomic Profiles in Humans: Results from a 90-Day Trial. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2020 Jan;13(1):101-116. doi: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-19-0325. Epub 2019 Nov 26. PMID: 31771942; PMCID: PMC7528938. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31771942/
Dame MK, Veerapaneni I, Bhagavathula N, Naik M, Varani J. Human colon tissue in organ culture: calcium and multi-mineral-induced mucosal differentiation. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 2011 Jan;47(1):32-8. doi: 10.1007/s11626-010-9358-3. Epub 2010 Nov 20. PMID: 21104039; PMCID: PMC3154723. Human colon tissue in organ culture: calcium and multi-mineral-induced mucosal differentiation – PubMed (nih.gov)
Singh N, Aslam MN, Varani J, Chakrabarty S. Induction of calcium sensing receptor in human colon cancer cells by calcium, vitamin D and aquamin: Promotion of a more differentiated, less malignant and indolent phenotype. Mol Carcinog. 2015 Jul;54(7):543-53. doi: 10.1002/mc.22123. Epub 2013 Dec 17. PMID: 26076051. Induction of calcium sensing receptor in human colon cancer cells by calcium, vitamin D and aquamin: Promotion of a more differentiated, less malignant and indolent phenotype – PubMed (nih.gov)
McClintock SD, Colacino JA, Attili D, Dame MK, Richter A, Reddy AR, Basrur V, Rizvi AH, Turgeon DK, Varani J, Aslam MN. Calcium-Induced Differentiation of Human Colon Adenomas in Colonoid Culture: Calcium Alone versus Calcium with Additional Trace Elements. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2018 Jul;11(7):413-428. doi: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-17-0308. Epub 2018 Apr 10. PMID: 29636350; PMCID: PMC6030430. Calcium-Induced Differentiation of Human Colon Adenomas in Colonoid Culture: Calcium Alone versus Calcium with Additional Trace Elements – PubMed (nih.gov)
Attili D, McClintock SD, Rizvi AH, Pandya S, Rehman H, Nadeem DM, Richter A, Thomas D, Dame MK, Turgeon DK, Varani J, Aslam MN. Calcium-induced differentiation in normal human colonoid cultures: Cell-cell / cell-matrix adhesion, barrier formation and tissue integrity. PLoS One. 2019 Apr 17;14(4):e0215122. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215122. PMID: 30995271; PMCID: PMC6469792. Calcium-induced differentiation in normal human colonoid cultures: Cell-cell / cell-matrix adhesion, barrier formation and tissue integrity – PubMed (nih.gov)
McClintock SD, Attili D, Dame MK, Richter A, Silvestri SS, Berner MM, Bohm MS, Karpoff K, McCarthy CL, Spence JR, Varani J, Aslam MN. Differentiation of human colon tissue in culture: Effects of calcium on trans-epithelial electrical resistance and tissue cohesive properties. PLoS One. 2020 Mar 5;15(3):e0222058. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222058. PMID: 32134920; PMCID: PMC7058309. Differentiation of human colon tissue in culture: Effects of calcium on trans-epithelial electrical resistance and tissue cohesive properties – PubMed (nih.gov)