{"id":5150,"date":"2024-08-19T14:31:07","date_gmt":"2024-08-19T14:31:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/salengei.com\/how-are-wrinkles-generated\/"},"modified":"2024-11-18T16:06:14","modified_gmt":"2024-11-18T16:06:14","slug":"how-are-wrinkles-generated","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/salengei.com\/en\/blog\/how-are-wrinkles-generated\/","title":{"rendered":"How are wrinkles generated?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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Ageing is a natural, inevitable and irreversible process that affects our health, including that of the skin.\nOne of the most obvious signs of skin aging is wrinkles, which are folds and furrows that develop over time.\nBy the way, you can click here<\/a> to read an article where we talk about the theories of aging. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

And beyond the fact that wrinkles are part of this aging process, their formation can be influenced by a series of intrinsic and extrinsic factors.\nIn this article, we will explore in detail how wrinkles are generated, looking at the underlying causes and the biological mechanisms involved.\nIn addition, we will give you some tips to take into account to improve skin health and increase the collagen matrix. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Causes of wrinkles<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Given its strategic location at the body’s interface, the skin is subject to intrinsic<\/em> (chronological) aging that is usually under genetic and hormonal influence and extrinsic<\/em> aging caused by environmental factors, mainly UV radiation, smoking, diet, chemicals, trauma, etc. The effects of ultraviolet radiation on the skin are so powerful that they have a separate specific name called photoaging<\/em><\/strong>.<\/em> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtv.2016.03.002<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The ageing of photoprotected areas, such as the inner arm, is mainly due to intrinsic genetic or metabolic factors, while exposed areas of skin are also influenced by extrinsic factors, especially UV solar radiation.\nIn areas protected from the sun, the most pronounced changes occur within the epidermis and mainly affect the basal cell layer.\nAs a result, while as a person’s age advances, sun-protected aging skin becomes thin, finely wrinkled, and dry, while photo-aged skin is characterized by deep wrinkles, sagging, and roughness. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the most important biological processes involved in skin aging are alterations in DNA repair and stability, mitochondrial function, cell cycle and apoptosis, ubiquitin-induced proteolysis, and cell metabolism. One of the main factors that has been proposed to play an important role in the onset of aging is the physiological hormonal decline that occurs with age.<\/strong> However, hormones at specific levels may not only regulate age-associated mechanisms but also regulate tumor suppressor pathways that influence carcinogenesis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1196\/annals.1404.027<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Main factors<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The main factors and most significant causes include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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  1. Collagen and elastin degradation<\/strong>: Both are key proteins that provide structure and elasticity to the skin. With aging, the production of these proteins decreases<\/strong>, and existing ones degrade.\nThis loss of structural support leads to the formation of wrinkles. <\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. Decreased production of hyaluronic acid<\/strong>: This important component of the skin helps to keep it hydrated and turgid.\nOver time, hyaluronic acid production decreases, leading to more dehydrated<\/strong> and wrinkle-prone skin. <\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation<\/strong>: chronic exposure to solar radiation is one of the main extrinsic causes of wrinkle formation.\nIt damages the DNA of skin cells, inhibits collagen and elastin synthesis, and promotes the formation of free radicals, which contributes to premature skin aging and the development of wrinkles. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation is the main factor in extrinsic skin aging; it accounts for about 80% of facial aging<\/strong>.\nDOI: 10.1016\/j.fsc.2005.04.004<\/a> <\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. Lifestyle habits and environmental factors:<\/strong> among the habits to be corrected are smoking<\/strong>, poor diet, stress and lack of sleep.\nThese are factors that can accelerate the skin’s aging process and increase the formation of wrinkles.\nEnvironmental pollution also plays a crucial role. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
    \"Wrinkles\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Biological mechanisms of wrinkle formation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    The formation of wrinkles is the result of a complex interaction between various biological processes that affect the structure and function of the skin.\nSome of the key biological mechanisms include: <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Intrinsic mechanisms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Oxidative stress<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

    Endogenous oxidative stress<\/strong> results from an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the skin’s antioxidant capacity to neutralize them. Excess ROS damages cellular structures, including DNA, proteins, and lipids,<\/strong> contributing to skin aging and wrinkle formation.\nEndogenous ROS can be produced from different sources, including the mitochondrial electron transport chain, proteins located in the endoplasmic and peroxisomal reticulum, the Fenton reaction, and enzymes such as cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases, xanthine oxidases, and NADPH oxidases.\nDOI: 10.3390\/biom5020545<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Glycation<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

    Glycation<\/strong> is a biochemical process in which glucose or fructose molecules bind to proteins such as collagen and elastin, lipids, or nucleic acids, resulting in the inhibition of the normal function of the target molecules forming advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Glycation is involved in both intrinsic and extrinsic aging. <\/strong>Long-lived proteins in the dermal matrix and cytoskeleton are particularly susceptible to glycation, resulting in tissue stiffness and reduced elasticity.\nDOI: 10.1111\/exd.13076<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Chronic cellular inflammation<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

    Chronic cellular inflammation<\/strong> is an important factor in skin aging and wrinkle formation. The release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the activation of proteolytic enzymes lead to the degradation of collagen and elastin<\/strong>, as well as dermal cell dysfunction, which promotes the formation of wrinkles.\nUV exposure triggers an inflammatory response in the skin, leading to the release of cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF).\nThese cytokines promote the activity of neprilysin and matrix metalloproteinases, which further degrade the extracellular matrix and impair skin elasticity.\nDOI: 10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2003.12136.x<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Alterations in cell renewal<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

    With aging, the ability of skin cells to renew and repair themselves decreases.<\/strong> This can lead to a decrease in the production of new dermal cells and a reduction in the regeneration of the extracellular matrix, which contributes to the formation of wrinkles and loss of skin firmness.\nTelomeres, which are repetitive nucleotide sequences that protect the ends of chromosomes, shorten with each cell division, ultimately leading to cellular senescence and a limited number of cell divisions. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Telomerase maintains telomere length and is crucial for cellular longevity.\nHowever, its activity decreases with age, contributing to the aging process.\nModulation of telomerase activity presents a potential target for anti-aging therapies.\nDOI: 10.1155\/2016\/7370642<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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    Extrinsic mechanisms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Mechanisms of DNA damage and repair<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

    UV radiation causes direct damage to DNA, leading to the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine (CPD) dimers. The skin’s ability to repair this damage decreases with age, resulting in the accumulation of mutations and cellular dysfunction<\/strong>.\nWhen DNA absorbs photons from UV-B rays, a structural rearrangement of nucleotides occurs.\nThis produces defects in the DNA strands.\nDNA damage can be repaired in smaller species by removing the lesion using the enzyme photolyase, but higher cells in mammals and humans do not have this enzyme.\nIt is achieved by the nucleotide excision repair pathway.\nOnce the proteins in this pathway are deficient, DNA damage and premature aging of the skin will occur.\nDOI: 10.1038\/jidsymp.2009.6<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Contamination<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

    The main chemical air pollutants that affect the skin are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, cigarette smoke, heavy metals, and arsenic.\nThese chemical pollutants can penetrate the skin and generate oxidative stress.\nThis process exacerbates the breakdown of collagen and elastin, accelerating the formation of wrinkles.\nIn the case of microplastics, they exhibit a high propensity to adsorb various toxic substances present in the environment.\nIt poses potential health risks when ingested or inhaled through the human digestive and respiratory tract.\nIn addition, they can serve as constituents of atmospheric pollutant particles, triggering a series of immune responses, such as oxidative stress. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165615<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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    Smoking<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

    The chemicals present in tobacco smoke reduce blood flow to the skin and deplete essential nutrients, such as vitamin C, which is crucial for collagen synthesis.\nThis leads to premature aging and the development of wrinkles.\nOn the other hand, reactive oxidants and free radicals from cigarette smoke cause oxidative stress or secondary oxidative events and inhibition of the body’s intrinsic antioxidant mechanisms.\nThe chemicals present in cigarette smoke increase transepidermal water loss, degeneration of connective tissue in the skin, and upregulation of matrix metalloproteinases that degrade collagen and elastic fibers. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0039-6060(98)70167-9<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Therapeutic Perspectives<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    As we have said before, wrinkles are a natural sign of aging, however, there are various therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing their formation or reducing their appearance.\nSome of these interventions include <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Use of sunscreens<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Protection from UV radiation through regular use of broad-spectrum sunscreens can help prevent sun damage and reduce the risk of premature wrinkles<\/strong>.\nChemical sunscreens are the most widely traded sunscreens.\nThe combination of two to six of the following active ingredients is typically used: oxybenzone, avobenzone, octisalate, octocrylene, homosalate, and octinoxate.\nChemical formulations of sunscreen are usually alcohol-based, lipophilic, or a combination of both, which can facilitate the delivery of actives to the stratum corneum.\nAnother type of sunscreen, called physical sunscreen, is applied to the surface of the skin to block and scatter ultraviolet radiation.\nIn physical sunscreens, minerals, titanium dioxide, and zinc oxide are the main active ingredients. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addr.2020.02.001<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Anti-aging topical products<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    The use of creams and serums that contain active ingredients.\nIngredients such as retinoids, antioxidants, specific peptides and hyaluronic acid.\nThese can help stimulate collagen production, improve skin hydration, and reduce the visible appearance of wrinkles. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12325-022-02319-7<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Oral supplements<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    The continuous intake of food supplements such as collagen powder, hyaluronic acid, vitamin C and various antioxidants, generate a reserve of essential nutrients to maintain good skin quality. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8944283\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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    Dermatoaesthetic procedures<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    These procedures, which include chemical peels, microdermabrasion, laser therapy, dermal fillers, and more, have proven effective in improving the appearance of wrinkles and rejuvenating the skin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bioidentical hormone replacement therapy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    In addition to being used in the treatment of symptoms caused by menopause, hormone replacement therapy is used to slow the aging process of the skin.\nHRT improves skin thickness, collagen content, elasticity, and improves hydration. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Stem cell therapy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Advances in stem cell research offer potential to regenerate aging skin and improve its regenerative capacity.\nStem cell-based therapies are being explored for their ability to rejuvenate skin by replenishing depleted stem cell populations. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00266-021-02353-w<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Peptides and growth factors<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Peptides such as collagen and elastin peptides, along with growth factors, can stimulate fibroblast activity and improve extracellular matrix production, which improves skin firmness and reduces wrinkle depth. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02648725.2023.2199233<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Exosomas<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Exosomes are small extracellular nanovesicles released by cells.\nIts potential for use in cosmetics, skin care and tissue regeneration has been explored.\nThe therapeutic value of exosomes lies in their ability to modulate the microenvironment of cells, regulate gene expression, and induce cell differentiation<\/strong>, which can have a positive impact on skin health.\nIn cosmetic terms, exosomes have been used to reduce wrinkles, improve skin texture and hydration, and improve skin elasticity, as well as reduce inflammation and damage caused by UV radiation. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cosmetics10020065<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Healthy lifestyle<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Adopting a healthy lifestyle that includes a balanced diet, regular exercise, stress management, and proper sleep habits can help maintain long-term skin health and youthfulness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Salengei Options<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Within our wide range of products that positively affect aging, there are three that we would like to highlight due to their specificity in skin aging.<\/p>\n\n\n\n